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Pravarasena II () was a ruler of the Nandivardhana-Pravarapura branch of the Vakataka dynasty. He was the son of Rudrasena II and Prabhavatigupta, the daughter of the Gupta Empire emperor Chandragupta II. He succeeded his brother Damodarasena as Maharaja. Pravarasena's reign seems to have been mostly peaceful and prosperous, and is noted for an efflorescence of religious patronage.
The Vakataka dynasty entered into matrimonial alliances to maintain its influence and security. Pravarasena married his son, Crown Prince Narendrasena, to a "daughter of a king of Kuntala country" named Ajjhitabhattarika. The identity of this princess is not certain, but she is often considered to be a daughter of the Kadamba dynasty king Kakusthavarman, who is known to have married off his daughters to several prominent royal families. This marriage secured the southern border of the Vakataka dominions, including that of the Vatsagulma branch who were traditional enemies of Kuntala. Pravarasena's own wife was a woman named Ajnakabhattarika, who may have also come from an illustrious lineage and was possibly the mother of Crown Prince Narendrasena. It is also known that a Gupta prince named Ghatotkachagupta, the viceroy of Vidisha, was married to a Vakataka princess who seems to have been Pravarasena's sister.
Pravarasena's reign appears to have been quite peaceful on the whole, as neither his own records nor those of his successors refer to any military exploits of the king. However,R in his twenty-third regnal year, Pravarasena had entered into the territory of the Gupta empire with his army, as he issued an inscription while encamped at Tripuri (located near present-day Jabalpur) on the northern bank of the Narmada River. It is not clear what military objectives, if any, Pravarasena had during this excursion. The Ramtek Kevala Narasimha temple inscription states that following the death of Ghatotkachagupta, the brother of his widow had brought her back home by force. Hans Bakker interprets this to mean that Pravarasena had invaded the Gupta dominions to bring back his sister, possibly due to a conflict within the Gupta empire in which Ghatotkachagupta, supported by the Vakatakas and the Nagas, had been eliminated by his upstart nephew Skandagupta.
The Vakataka kingdom contained a number of smaller principalities which were ruled by local feudatory dynasties. These feudatories had no power to issue land grants without the permission of the sovereign Vakataka ruler. A man named Kondaraja, son of Shatrughnaraja, features as an important feudatory ruler of the Bhojakata-rajya in Vidarbha. Kondaraja, who was termed as a rajan (lit. "king", but evidently meaning a subordinate chief in this context), seems to have been of Gondi people tribal background. It thus appears that tribal chieftains on the outlying periphery of the Vakataka kingdom were being absorbed into the Vakataka state structure at this time.
Pravarasena's influential mother Prabhavatigupta remained active in public life for much of his reign. As a devout Vaishnavite, Prabhavatigupta made a number of religious grants and does not seen to have been dissuaded by her son's Shaivite tendencies. She was particularly attached to her tutelary deity of Ramagirisvamin on the hill at Ramtek. While most of Pravarasena's religious donations aimed at increasing the merit, life, power, victory, and rule of the king himself, in his Patna Museum Plate all the religious merit is said to accrue to the Queen Mother, i.e. Prabhavatigupta. In his twenty-third regnal year, Pravarasena made a grant for the spiritual welfare of both his mother and himself, in this life and the next.
A number of locales emerged during the reign of Pravarasena as important religious centers. The sacred hill compound at Ramagiri, located north of Nandivardhana, had developed into a sort of official state sanctuary dedicated to Vishnu and his avatars, primarily due to the patronage of Prabhavatigupta. The site of Mansar, located about five kilometers west of Ramagiri, contains a brick temple that has been attributed to Pravarasena. A Shiva image of extraordinary quality was found at the site, indicating that it may have been a major Shaivite center. The Mansar temple complex may be identical to the Pravareshwara temple complex, which was founded by Pravarasena and which served as an important state sanctuary of the Vakataka kingdom, perhaps meant to be a Shaivite equivalent of the Ramagiri complex. A place known as Narattangavari also seems to have developed into an important religious center, as Pravarasena probably went on pilgrimage to the site and is known to have issued his Tirodi grant from there.
Patronage of religious establishments, temples, and brahmins constituted an important aspect of Vakataka kingship. The endowment of brahmins with tax free land on the periphery of the kingdom may have served to spread and reinforce the dharma religious and social order. During Pravarasena's reign, such notions of dharmic kingship seem to have percolated down to the local feudatory rulers as well. The feudatory Kondaraja proved his worth to Pravarasena, his sovereign, by granting land to one thousand brahmins. Another feudatory ruler named Narayanaraja requested a donation be made to a religious feeding house or sattra.
Pravarasena has often been credited with authoring a Maharashtri Prakrit poem named Setubandha or Ravanavaho which details the exploits of Rama in Lanka against the demon-king Ravana. Due to the poem's Vaishnavite themes (as Rama was regarded to be an avatar of Vishnu) in contrast to Pravarasena's own avowed Shaivism. However, Pravarasena appears to have had quite a good relationship with his Vaishnavite mother and Vaishnavite sites continued to flourish during his reign, suggesting that Pravarasena may have had a more ecumenical approach to religion despite his own marked preference for worshipping Shiva. At the time, there was perhaps not much bigotry associated with the divisions Shaivite and Vaishnavite.
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